CONTENTS-2

This page gives the links from Chapter 6 onwards
For Chapters from 1 to 5, click here

6. Chapter 6 - Thermodynamics
• Types of systems
• State functions and path functions
• Macro properties and micro properties
Chapter 6.1
• Internal energy of a system
• Effect of heat and work on internal energy
• First law of thermodynamics
• Work done in a thermodynamic process
Chapter 6.2
• Enthalpy
• Reaction under constant pressure
• Solved examples
Chapter 6.3
• Extensive and intensive properties
• Molar properties
• Mayer's relation
Chapter 6.4
• Calorimetry
• Determination of enthalpy change
Chapter 6.5
• Standard enthalpy change of formation
• Standard enthalpy change of reaction
Chapter 6.6
• Thermochemical equations
• Standard enthalpy change of fusion
• Standard enthalpy change of vaporization
• Standard enthalpy change of sublimation
• Standard enthalpy change of combustion
• Standard enthalpy change of reaction
Chapter 6.7
• Hess's Law of constant heat summation
• Standard enthalpy change of atomization
Chapter 6.8
• Application of bond enthalpy
• Enthalpy of reaction using bond enthalpies
Chapter 6.9
• Lattice enthalpy
• Born-Haber cycle
Chapter 6.10
• Enthalpy of solution of NaCl
• Enthalpy of solution of CaCl2
• Enthalpy of hydration
Chapter 6.11
• Solution process exothermic or endothermic
• Role of ionic radius and ionic charge
• Comparison between NaCl and CaCl2
• Comparison between NaCl and NaF
Chapter 6.12
• Spontaneity
• Being exothermic or endothermic
Chapter 6.13
• Entropy
• Solved examples
Chapter 6.14
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Solved examples
Chapter 6.15
• Gibbs free energy
• Four possible scenarios related to spontaneity
• Solved examples
7. Chapter 7 - Equilibrium
• Equilibrium in physical processes
• Equilibrium between ice and water
• Equilibrium between water and water vapour
Chapter 7.1
• Equilibrium between solid and it's vapour during sublimation
• Equilibrium between solid and it's solution during dissolution
• Equilibrium between gas and it's solution during dissolution
Chapter 7.2
• Characteristics of Equilibrium
• Activity to demonstrate dynamic nature of Equilibrium
Chapter 7.3
• Using Deuterium to demonstrate dynamic nature of Equilibrium in Haber process
• Dynamic equilibrium in the production of Hydrogen Iodide
Chapter 7.4
• Equilibrium constant
• Law of Chemical Equilibrium
Chapter 7.5
• Homogeneous Equilibrium
• Equilibrium constant in terms of Partial pressures
Chapter 7.6
• Heterogeneous Equilibrium
• Concentrations of pure solids and liquids
Chapter 7.7
• Applications of Equilibrium constant
• Predict the extent of a reaction
• Predict the direction of the reaction
• Calculate equilibrium concentrations
Chapter 7.8
• Relation between K, Q and G
• Reactions at equilibrium
• Reactions not at equilibrium
Chapter 7.9
• Factors affecting equilibrium
• Change in concentration
Chapter 7.10
• Factors affecting equilibrium
• Change in pressure
• Change in temperature
• Effect of a catalyst
Chapter 7.11
• Ionic equilibrium
• Electrolytes and non-electrolytes
• Arrhenius theory
• Acids and bases
Chapter 7.12
• Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases
• Donation and acceptance of one proton
• Conjugate acid and base
Chapter 7.13
• Lewis acids and bases
• Donation and acceptance of one electron pair
• Lewis structures to explain electron transfer
Chapter 7.14
• Ionization of acids and bases
• Definition of strong acids and bases
Chapter 7.15
• Ionization constant of water
• pH scale
Chapter 7.16
• Solved example related to pH scale
Chapter 7.17
• Ionization constant of weak acids
• Extent of ionization
• Percent dissociation
Chapter 7.18
• Ionization constant of weak bases
• Extent of ionization
• Percent dissociation
Chapter 7.19
• Ionization constant of poly basic acids
• Factors affecting strength of acids
Chapter 7.20
• Common ion effect
• Hydrolysis of salts
Chapter 7.21
• Methods for preparing buffer solutions
• Working of buffer solutions
Chapter 7.22
• Solved examples related to buffers, pH and common ion effect
Chapter 7.23
• Solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
• Solubility product constant
Chapter 7.24
• Common ion effect on solubility
• Effect of pH on solubility
8. Chapter 8 - Redox Reactions
• Oxidation as loss of electrons
• Reduction as gain of electrons
• Oxidizing and reducing agents
Chapter 8.1
• Competitive electron transfer
• Electrochemical series
Chapter 8.2
• Oxidation number
• Oxidation state
Chapter 8.3
• Stock Notation
• Using oxidation numbers to define redox reactions
Chapter 8.4
• Types of redox reactions
• Combination reactions
• Decomposition reactions
• Metal displacement reactions
Chapter 8.5
• Hydrogen displacement reactions
• Halogen displacement reactions
Chapter 8.6
• Disproportionation reactions
Chapter 8.7
• Paradox of fractional oxidation numbers
Chapter 8.8
• Balancing of redox reactions in neutral medium, using oxidation number method
Chapter 8.9
• Balancing of redox reactions in acidic medium, using oxidation number method
Chapter 8.10
• Balancing of redox reactions in basic medium, using oxidation number method
Chapter 8.11
• Balancing of redox reactions in neutral medium, using half reaction method
Chapter 8.12
• Balancing of redox reactions in acidic medium, using half reaction method
Chapter 8.13
• Balancing of redox reactions in basic medium, using half reaction method
Chapter 8.14
• Basics about titration
• Redox reactions as the basis for titration
Chapter 8.15
• Basics about Galvanic cell
• Importance of salt bridge
Chapter 8.16
• Electrode potential
• Redox couple
Chapter 8.17
• Solved examples related to redox reactions
Chapter 8.18
• More solved examples related to redox reactions
9. Chapter 9 - Hydrogen
• Isotopes of hydrogen
• Occurrence of dihydrogen
• Preparation of dihydrogen in the lab
• Preparation of dihydrogen in industry
Chapter 9.1
• Properties of dihydrogen
• Reactions involving dihydrogen
• Uses of dihydrogen
Chapter 9.2
• Details about hydrides
• Ionic hydrides
• Covalent hydrides
• Metallic hydrides
Chapter 9.3
• Physical and chemical properties of water
• Structure of water
• Amphoteric nature of water
• Coordinated water, Interstitial water and Hydrogen bonded water
Chapter 9.4
• Hard and Soft water
• Temporary hardness and permanent hardness
• Treatment of hard water
Chapter 9.5
• Preparation of hydrogen peroxide
• Methods for expressing the strength of hydrogen peroxide
Chapter 9.6
• Structure of hydrogen peroxide
• Chemical properties of hydrogen peroxide
Chapter 9.7
• Storage and uses of hydrogen peroxide
• Heavy water
• Dihydrogen as fuel
• Hydrogen economy

12. Chapter 12 - Basic principles of organic chemistry
• Influence of sigma and pi bonds in chemical properties
• Number of sigma and pi bonds in organic molecules
• Type of hybridization and shape of molecules
Chapter 12.1
• Structural representation of organic molecules
• Complete structural formula
• Condensed structural formula
• Bond-line formula
Chapter 12.2
• Solved examples on Bond-line formula
• Three dimensional representation of organic molecules
Chapter 12.3
• Classification of organic compounds
• Nomenclature of branched chain hydrocarbons
Chapter 12.4
• Naming of branches within branches
• Some trivial names accepted by IUPAC
Chapter 12.5
• Naming of cyclic compounds
Chapter 12.6
• Naming when functional groups are present
Chapter 12.7
• Naming when more than one functional group of the same type are present
Chapter 12.8
• Naming of substituted benzene compounds.
Chapter 12.9
• Isomerism in organic compounds
Chapter 12.10
• Heterolytic cleavage
• Carbocation
• Carbanion
Chapter 12.11
• Homolytic cleavage
• Alkyl free radical
Chapter 12.12
• Nucleophiles and Electrophiles
Chapter 12.13
• Inductive effect
Chapter 12.14
• Resonance in organic molecules
Chapter 12.15
• Rules for finding relative stability of resonance structures of organic molecules
Chapter 12.16
• Positive resonance effect
• Negative resonance effect
• Conjugated systems
Chapter 12.17
• Positive electromeric effect
• Negative electromeric effect
• Hyperconjugation in ethyl cation
Chapter 12.18
• Hyperconjugation in isopropyl cation
• Hyperconjugation in propene
Chapter 12.19
• Purification of organic compounds
• Sublimation
• Crystallization
• Fractional distillation
• Differential extraction
Chapter 12.20
• Chromatography
• Adsorption chromatography
• Partition chromatography
• Paper chromatography
• Thin layer chromatography
• Column chromatography
Chapter 12.21
• Qualitative analysis of organic compounds
• Detection of carbon and hydrogen
• Lassaigne's test to detect nitrogen, sulfur, halogens and phosphorus
Chapter 12.22
• Quantitative analysis of organic compounds
• Estimation of carbon and hydrogen
• Estimation of nitrogen using Dumas method
• Estimation of nitrogen using Kjeldahl's method

13. Chapter 13 - Hydrocarbons
• Importance of hydrocarbons as fuels
• The alkane series
• Ball and stick model showing the tetrahedral structures in alkanes
Chapter 13.1
• Nomenclature and Isomerism in Alkanes
Chapter 13.2
• Writing IUPAC names when structure of trivial names are given
• Writing structure when IUPAC names are given
Chapter 13.3
• Preparation of Alkanes.
• Hydrogenation, Wurtz reaction, decarboxylation, Kolbe's electrolytic method.
Chapter 13.4
• Physical properties of Alkanes.
• Chemical properties - Halogenation.
Chapter 13.5
• Mechanism of Halogenation.
• Combustion of Alkanes.
Chapter 13.6
• Controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatization, reaction with steam, pyrolysis.
Chapter 13.7
• Conformations of ethane molecule
• Eclipsed and Staggered Conformations
• Sawhorse and Newman's projections
• Torsional strain and dihedral angle
Chapter 13.8
• Nomenclature of Alkenes
• Sigma bonds and pi bonds in alkenes
Chapter 13.9
• Geometrical isomerism in Alkenes
• cis/trans isomerism
Chapter 13.10
• Preparation of Alkenes
• Dehydrohalogenation, dehalogenation, acidic dehydration
Chapter 13.11
• Physical and chemical properties of Alkenes
• Addition of hydrogen halogens and hydrogen halides
• Markovnikov's rule
Chapter 13.12
• Anti-Markovnikov rule
Chapter 13.13
• Addition reaction between alkenes and sulphuric acid
• Addition reaction between alkenes and water
• Oxidation of alkenes
• Ozonolysis
• Polymerisation
Chapter 13.14
• Nomenclature of alkynes
• Isomerism in alkynes
• Structure of triple bond
Chapter 13.15
• Preparation of alkynes
• Physical properties of alkynes
• Chemical properties of alkynes
• Reason for the acidic character of alkynes
• Application of Markovnikov's rule when hydrogen halides are added to alkynes
Chapter 13.16
• Addition of water to alkynes
• Polymerisation of alkynes
• Preparation of benzene by cyclic polymerisation of ethyne
Chapter 13.17
• Introduction to aromatic compounds
• Benzenoids and Non-benzenoids
• Nomenclature and Isomerism in aromatic compounds
• Proof for the unusual stability of the benzene ring
Chapter 13.18
• Reason for the stability of benzene
• Explanation based on resonance
Chapter 13.19
• Aromaticity
• Conjugated system
• Details about Hückel rule
Chapter 13.20
• Preparation of Benzene
• Physical and chemical properties of aromatic hydrocarbons
• Electrophilic substitution reactions
Chapter 13.21
• Mechanism of Electrophilic substitution reactions
• Chlorination, alkylation, acylation, nitration and sulphonation
Chapter 13.22
• Addition reactions of aromatic compounds
• Combustion of benzene
• Directive influence of functional groups
14. Chapter 14 - Environmental Chemistry
• Pollution and pollutants
• Atmospheric pollution
• Types of atmospheric pollutants

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